Everything

Full Subtractor -- Full subtractor can perform binary subtraction between three binary bits X, Y, and Z. Where is X is minuend and Y is subtrahend and Z is the previous borrow out. -- It consists of two outputs. They are Differe…

Multiplexer  --> The multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit that consists of multiple inputs and a single output. One of the multiple inputs is forwarded into output at a time using selection lines. If the multiplexer co…

De-Multiplexer     -->  Demultiplexer is a combinational circuit that comprises a single input line and multiple output lines. The single input line can be transmitted to one of the output line with the help of selection line…

Decoder --> It is a combinational circuit that consists of n number of inputs and 2 n numbers of outputs. --> The major significance of the decoder is to convert binary information to original information that can be in t…

#) Design full adder circuit using decoder with diagram step 1: Design Truth table for full adder. step 2: Obtain expression from truth table in the form of sum of minterms for both sum and carryout.     Express the obtained sum…

Decoder with enable input --> An enable input can be used in decoder to control the flow of input to output. --> Enable input can be either active low or active high. --> For active low               Logic 0 activates t…

Universal gates -- NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates because all other gates ( AND, OR, NOT, XOR, XNOR) including boolean functions can be realized using these two gates. 1) NAND GATE as a universal gate     1.1) NAN…

Theorems and postulates on Boolean algebra 1. X.1 = X 2. X.0 = 0 3. X+1 = 1 4. X+0 = X 5. X+X' = 1 6. X.X' = 0 7. (X')' = X # Demorgans Theorem      1. (X+Y)' = X'.Y'      2. (XY)' = X'+Y'…

Exclusive - NOR (XNOR) Gate         The output is high when both the inputs are either high or low. fig: XNOR Gate & Truth table Boolean Function       F = XⓄY => F = X'Y' + XY

Exclusive - OR (XOR) GATE      The output is low when both the input are either high and low. fig: XOR Gate & Truth table Boolean Function   F = X⊕Y => F = X'Y + XY'

NOR Gate      -- OR GATE followed by an inverter.      -- Complements the output of OR GATE. fig: NOR Gate & Truth table # Boolean Function F = (X+Y)'

NAND Gate  -- AND Gate followed by an inverter. -- Complements the output of AND Gate. fig: NAND Gate fig: Truth Table # Boolean Function F = (X.Y)'

NOT GATE ( Inverter ) -- Inverts high logic to low and vice-versa. -- Single input gate. fig: NOT Gate & Truth table # Boolean Function  F = X'

OR Gate     The output is HIGH when any one of the input is HIGH. fig: Logic Symbol  and Truth table OR Gate for 3 bits fig:  3 Input OR Gate & Truth table

AND Gate      The output is HIGH when all of the inputs are HIGH else LOW. fig: AND Gate AND Gate for 3 bits fig: AND Gate for 3 bits

Logic Gates     Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output. fig: Logic Gates Symbols Types:     #  Basic Gates          1. A…

Integrated Circuit ( IC ) Integrated circuit is an electronic circuit for on a small piece of semiconductiing material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components. fig:  Integrated Circuit  Ad…

Digital Signal Advantages of Digital System  1. Easier to design. 2. Accuracy and precision are greater. 3. Information storage is easy. 4. More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips. 5. Digital circuits are less affect…

A digital signal refers to an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits. It is used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values. It is represented by a square wave. fig: Square Wave Advantage of Digi…

Analog Signal     An analog signal is a continuous signal for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time-varying quantity. It refers to electrical signals. It is represented …